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智商可预测,未来试管婴儿将可选择“最聪明的”胚胎

未知 2022-07-30 213

如果有一天,你可以选择生育一个小“爱因斯坦”,也可以生育一个智商普通的孩子,你会做出什么样的选择?据科学家预计,未来10年内,人类将可以使用试管婴儿技术选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

Genetics research, conceptual artwork. CHINA DAILY

Couples undergoing IVF treatment could be given the option to pick the “smartest” embryo within the next 10 years, a leading US scientist has predicted.

据美国一名权威科学家预计,未来10年之内,做试管婴儿的夫妇将能够选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

IVF:in vitro fertilization 体外受精联合胚胎移植技术,又称“试管婴儿”

Stephen Hsu, senior vice president for research at Michigan State University, said scientific advances mean it will soon be feasible to reliably rank embryos according to potential IQ, posing profound ethical questions for society about whether or not the technology should be adopted.

美国密歇根州立大学主管科研的副校长徐道辉(斯蒂芬·徐)说,科学进步意味着人类不久就能够对胚胎的潜在智商给出可靠的评分,这项技术是否应该使用将是一个深刻的社会伦理问题。

Hsu’s company, Genomic Prediction, already offers a test aimed at screening out embryos with abnormally low IQ to couples being treated at fertility clinics in the US.

徐道辉的基因组预测公司已经为在美国不孕不育诊所接受治疗的夫妇提供了一项检测服务,旨在筛查出智商异常低的胚胎。

“Accurate IQ predictors will be possible, if not the next five years, the next 10 years certainly,” Hsu told the Guardian. “I predict certain countries will adopt them.”

徐道辉对《卫报》记者说:“准确的智商预测是可能的,即使不是未来5年内,那么在未来10年内也肯定可以。我预计一些国家会采纳这项技术。”

The prospect of a new generation of genetically selected babies has prompted concerns about unintended medical consequences and the potential for deepening existing social inequalities. The science underpinning the claim that intelligence can be meaningfully predicted by genetic tests is also contentious.

新一代基因选择婴儿的前景引发了人们对于意外医疗后果和现有社会不平等可能加剧的担忧。基因检测能够有效预测智商的科学技术也引发了争议。

contentious [kn'tens]:adj.有异议的,引起争论的

Peter Donnelly, a professor of statistical science at the University of Oxford, said any such IQ predictions should be treated with “huge caution”, adding: “I have grave misgivings about it on ethical grounds. I think it’s a really bad idea.”

牛津大学统计学教授彼得·唐纳利说,应该“十分谨慎”地对待此类智商预测。他说:“出于伦理原因,我对此非常担忧。我认为这是一个非常糟糕的想法。”

Since the 1990s, couples undergoing IVF have been able to screen their embryos for mutations in single genes that cause serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis, as well as conditions like Down’s syndrome, caused by chromosome abnormalities.

自上世纪90年代以来,接受试管受精的夫妇已经能够对他们的胚胎进行筛选,以发现单个基因的突变,这些突变会导致严重的疾病,比如囊性纤维化,以及染色体异常导致的唐氏综合征等。

chromosome ['krmsm]:n.染色体

Many other traits, including height, physical appearance, intelligence and disease susceptibility, are known to be partly heritable. But because the genetic component is spread thinly over hundreds or even thousands of DNA regions, it has previously been impossible to screen for these traits.

许多其他特征,包括身高、外貌、智力和疾病易感性,都被认为是部分遗传的。但由于遗传组分稀疏地分散在数百甚至数千个DNA区域,以前不可能对这些特征进行筛选。

In the past decade, as vast genetic databases have been established, this picture has changed. Through analyzing many genes, each making a tiny contribution, it has been possible to calculate what are called polygenic risk scores, which give a person’s likelihood of getting a particular disease or having a certain trait.

在过去的十年里,随着大量基因数据库的建立,这种情况已经发生了改变。通过分析大量基因,每个基因都做出了微小的贡献,就有可能计算出所谓的多基因风险评分,即一个人患某种特定疾病或具有某种特征的可能性。

polygenic[,pli'denik]:adj.多基因的

Genomic Prediction is the first company to take embryo screening into this grey area of risk forecasting, offering to alert couples if an embryo has an “outlier” score for risk of cancers, diabetes, heart disease, dwarfism or low IQ.

基因组预测公司是第一家将胚胎筛查纳入风险预测这一灰色地带的公司。如果胚胎在癌症、糖尿病、心脏病、侏儒症或智商低下等风险方面的评分“异常”,它就会提醒做筛查的夫妇。

outlier ['atla]:n.(统计)异常值

Medical staff put clothes on the newborn test-tube baby at a hospital in Xi'an, Northwest China's Shaanxi province. [Photo/Xinhua]

Prediction for IQ is not good enough to give a reliable ranking, but Hsu said that knowing an embryo has a low score could still be desirable.

智商预测目前还不足以给出可靠的评分,但徐道辉表示,如果一个胚胎的智商评分较低,人们可能还是很想知道。

“Maybe the bottom 1% embryo will grow up to be a great person … even be a scientist, but the odds are against it,” he said. “I honestly feel if we can calculate that score and find a real negative outlier there’s an ethical responsibility for us to report that.”

徐道辉说:“也许评分最低的1%的胚胎长大后会成为一个优秀的人……甚至成为一名科学家,但这种可能性很小。我真的觉得,如果我们能计算出这个评分,发现它低得十分异常,那么我们就有道德责任予以告知。”

The company projects that once high-quality genetic and academic achievement data from a million individuals becomes available, expected to be within five to 10 years, it will be able to predict IQ to within about 10 points.

该公司预计,在5至10年内,一旦100万人的高质量基因和学术成就数据可用,它将能够预测智商,误差在10分以内。

Hsu is reticent about whether screening for high intelligence would be ethically justified, saying: “Let me just decline to answer that at the moment.”

徐道辉不愿评论高智商筛查是否符合伦理标准,说“目前我拒绝回答这个问题”。

reticent ['rets()nt]:adj.沉默的;有保留的

In some countries, such as Singapore, there is likely to be a high level of public acceptance and demand for such tests, he suggested. “I think the overwhelming majority would say yes, absolutely, parents should be allowed to do that,” he said. “Before you write your piece, you might just want to think that a billion people on the other side of the world might have a different view.”

徐道辉说,在一些国家,比如新加坡,公众对此类检测的接受度和需求可能会很高。他说:“我认为绝大多数人肯定会赞成允许父母这样做。在你写这篇报道之前,也许应该想想地球另外一端的10亿人可能有不同的看法。”

Whether such tests will become available in the UK would depend on approval from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

这种检测方法能否在英国实施将取决于英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局的批准。

“If the HFEA decides that it’s not right for the UK, I will respect that,” Hsu said, but predicted that “rich people from the UK will fly to Singapore” if they are unable to get the tests locally.

他说:“如果英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局认为这对英国不合适,我会尊重这个决定。”但他预测,如果英国富人无法在当地进行这项检测,“他们会飞到新加坡去做的。”

智商可预测,未来试管婴儿将可选择“最聪明的”胚胎

Some in the UK take the view that prospective parents have a right to access such tests. “I don’t think people should be deprived of that knowledge,” said Prof Simon Fishel, the founder of Care Fertility.

在英国,一些人认为未来的父母有权进行此类检测。生育关怀组织的创始人西蒙费舍尔教授说:“我认为不应该剥夺人们的这种知情权。”

Fishel questioned whether there is any ethical difference between picking an embryo ranked highest for IQ or sending a child to a private school. “What’s wrong with ranking an embryo if you can rank a child?” he said. “I think there are plenty of people who’d choose embryo Oxford [rather] than embryo A-level failure.”

费舍尔质疑挑选智商最高的胚胎和送孩子去私立学校之间是否存在伦理上的差异。“如果你能给孩子评分,那给胚胎评分又有什么错呢?”他说。“我认为有很多人会选择未来能考取牛津的胚胎而不是无法通过英国中学高级水平考试的胚胎。”

In practice, though, couples often have only a few embryos to choose from. And there are concerns about unintended consequences. For instance, there is some evidence linking higher polygenic scores for academic ability to higher likelihood of autism.

但实际上,夫妇们通常只有几个胚胎可供选择。此外,人们还担心会出现意想不到的后果。例如,有证据表明,学术能力的多基因得分越高,患自闭症的可能性就越大。

The technology is controversial, but that does not mean it will not gain acceptance in the future, Hsu said, drawing parallels with the reaction to IVF in its early days.

徐道辉说,这项技术存在争议,但这并不意味着它在未来不会被接受,这与早期人们对体外受精的反应类似。

“The IVF pioneers … were called monsters, Frankenstein doctors; it was predicted that these babies would have health problems,” he said. “I am actually reassured by that. IVF is completely normalized now. Everyone who is pointing their finger at [Genomic Prediction] now should go back and read those articles.”

他说:“试管婴儿的先驱被称为怪物,弗兰肯斯坦医生。当时人们预测这些婴儿会有健康问题。实际上,我对此很放心。试管受精现在已经完全正常化。现在,所有指责(基因组预测)的人都应该回去读读那些文章。”

来源:卫报、参考消息网

翻译编辑:yaning

来源:中国日报网

确定要进行试管婴儿治疗了,有些问题我们是必须要直面的,无法避免的。怀揣试管婴儿顺利就能生娃的信念,承受着能否顺利成功的纠结。让这条路走得并不轻松。在此,我们需要理清思路:既然决定要做试管婴儿了,那么, 我们索性就要勇于面对试管婴儿必须面对的问题,做好相应的准备,积极做好配合,为迎接好孕做出自己应有的努力。我们必须面对的问题有哪些呢?

1、结婚证及其他资料的准备问题

进行试管婴儿治疗,首先要符合已婚的条件,在试管婴儿的几个重要环节都需要出示身份证和结婚证,这是相关法规决定的,也是不能忽略的环节,所以一定要实现准备好结婚证。近期的健康检查结果如果有也一并带来为诊断作为参考。

2、确定符合试管婴儿指征需面对的问题

配合做好相关的查体,以此来证明你的健康状况是符合试管婴儿要求的,符合试管婴儿的适应症,可以承受试管婴儿的治疗,并且可以承受妊娠。夫妻双方都需要配合检查,检查结果对于治疗方案的制定具有参考价值一定要积极配合完成。

2、面对试管婴儿进周你要知道的

通常会安排在女方月经见红的第二天来进行药物促排,一般来说要持续10几天左右,不同人具体促排时间会有差别。此期间还有可能需要面对几次复查,医生需要通过检查来了解促排卵的效果,卵泡发育的情况并对促排卵药物量及类型等方面进行一定的调节。

3、促排后你需要需要面对的问题

在促排基本完成,检查发现卵泡长成了,这个时候我们需要在阴道超声引导下来取卵。按照医生要求做好相关的准备工作准备取卵。

注意,在取卵的当天,爱人会进行取精,此后的的体外受精环节患者夫妻并不需要参与。是由胚胎学家将精液进行相应的处理,选择其中活力比较好的来和卵子进行体外受精,之后体外培养3到5天。就可以移植回子宫了。移植同样需要在手术室进行,术前医生护士会交代你给你一些注意事项,配合好了,试管婴儿就完成了一多半了。请遵医嘱配合做好黄体支持。

4、你需要这样面对测孕

测孕即胚胎移植12-14天需进行的事情,注意不要暗耐不住提前测孕,因为不同人胚胎着床时间是不同的,有人早有人晚。另外,即便胚胎着床也有可能在早期因为各项数值偏低而出现检测结果不准的情况,容易因此带来不必要的心理压力,所以我们,还是要等到测孕日到医院通过HCG检查结果来判断是否怀孕。再次强调一下,不要提前测孕,更不要因为提前测孕的结果或其它任何原因而擅自停止黄体支持,是否需要停止黄体支持请遵医嘱来进行。

注意以下这个几个问题不要误解

试管婴儿是否会让我提前衰老

注意,女性在自然状态下,每月多数情况下会排卵1枚,极少数情况下可能会排出2个卵子,我们不要只看排卵1-2颗。和被排出的卵子一同发育的是一大批卵泡。只是到后期仅仅能够给其中1到2枚优势卵泡提供相应的能量来发育。除了这位幸运的佼佼者,其余的那些卵泡就会进行自行消亡。而试管婴儿促排,刚好是给这批本身不得不消亡的卵泡也能有机会进行发育。而试管婴儿促排并没有透支你之后所能够排出的卵子,明白

取卵手术会不会痛不欲生

目前国内各大生殖中心,多数情况下进行取卵手术是在麻醉的状态下来进行的。很多患者表示好像睡了一觉卵子就已经取完了,至于麻醉方式需要结合患者身体来定,一般来说全麻的情况较多。

让医生移植几个就是几个孩子吗?

在胚胎移植环节通常是建议移植1到2个胚胎,尽管我们从原理上可以理解为移植1个胚胎如果着床了就是1个宝宝,移植两个胚胎都着床了就是两个宝宝,但是胚胎移植问题我们不能以此类推到更多,另外,还要考虑分裂的情况,也就是说移植1个胚胎也有可能出现2个宝宝的情况,几率较低,但也有可能。另外,出于健康孕育考虑,对于两个胚胎均着床的情况下,考虑患者的子宫情况等方面的因素医生有可能会建议减胎。毕竟孕育2个宝宝身体的负担更大。这个情况需要结合患者身体情,当然更需要的是遵医嘱来进行。

以上就是试管婴儿不得不面对的几个问题,我们通过这几个简单的环节带大家大致了解了试管婴儿的一个过程。并给大家分析解答了几个比较容易被误解的试管婴儿相关问题。希望能够对于有需要的朋友有所帮助。我们在此应该明确,试管婴儿是一种辅助生殖治疗方法,有其相应的适应症,对症才可治疗。另外,试管婴儿对于夫妻双方的生育力(精子、卵子、子宫内环境等)是有一定要求的。因此,即便选择做试管婴儿,也不要拖延治疗,毕竟生育力是会随年龄而下降的。

今天关于试管婴儿的介绍就到这里吧,还需要了解什么可以留言告诉我们,关注我,了解更多备孕常识~祝你尽快好孕~


参考资料


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